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1.
Ludmila C. Fidale Sarah Köhler Martin H.G. Prechtl Thomas Heinze Omar A. El Seoud 《Cellulose (London, England)》2006,13(5):581-592
The concentrations of water, W, and electrolytes present in solutions of LiCl in N,N-dimethylacetamide, LiCl/DMAc, and of tetrabutylammonium fluoride. x-hydrate in DMSO, TBAF.xW/DMSO can be accurately and expediently determined by three independent methods, UV–vis, FTIR and EMF measurement. The first relies on the use of solvatochromic probes whose spectra are sensitive to solution composition. It is applicable to W/LiCl/DMAc solutions but not to TBAF.xW/DMSO, because the charge-transfer complex bands of the probes are suppressed by strong interactions with the latter electrolyte. Integration of νOH band of water may be employed in order to determine [W], hence [electrolyte] by weight difference. EMF measurement uses ion-selective electrodes in order to determine [electrolyte], hence [W] by weight difference. Results of the latter method were in excellent agreement with those of FTIR. The reason for the failure of Karl Fischer titration is addressed, and the relevance of the results obtained to functionalization of cellulose under homogenous solution conditions is briefly commented on. 相似文献
2.
Experimental analysis, modeling, and theoretical design of McMaster pore-filled nanofiltration membranes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A side-by-side comparison of the performance of McMaster pore-filled (MacPF) and commercial nanofiltration (NF) membranes is presented here. The single-salt and multi-component performance of these membranes is studied using experimental data and using a mathematical model. The pseudo two-dimensional model is based on the extended Nernst–Planck equation, a modified Poisson–Boltzmann equation, and hydrodynamic calculations. The model includes four structural properties of the membrane: pore radius, pure water permeability, surface charge density and the ratio of effective membrane thickness to water content. The analysis demonstrates that the rejection and transport mechanisms are the same in the commercial and MacPF membranes with different contributions from each type of mechanism (convection, diffusion and electromigration). Solute rejection in NF membranes is determined primarily by a combination of steric and electrostatic effects. The selectivity of MacPF membranes is primarily determined by electrostatic effects with a significantly smaller contribution of steric effects compared to commercial membranes. Hence, these membranes have the ability to reject ions while remaining highly permeable to low molecular weight organics. Additionally, a new theoretical membrane design approach is presented. This design procedure potentially offers the optimization of NF membrane performance by tailoring the membrane structure and operating variables to the specific process, simultaneously. The procedure is validated at the laboratory scale. 相似文献
3.
4.
A brief account of applications of polarized inelastic neutron scattering in condensed matter research is given. We show that
full polarization analysis is the only tool allowing to discriminate unambiguously between different magnetic modes in various
magnetic materials. We show by means of recent results in the Heisenberg ferromagnet EuS that the effects of dipolar interactions
can be studied on a microscopic scale. Moreover, we have found for the first time indications for the divergence of the longitudinal
fluctuations belowT
c. In the itinerant antiferromagnet chromium we demonstrate that the dynamics of the longitudinal and transverse excitations
are very different, resolving a long standing puzzle concerning the slope of their dispersion. Finally, we show that a measurement
of the polarization-dependent part of the cross section of non-centrosymmetric MnSi proves directly that the chirality of
the magnetic fluctuations is left-handed. 相似文献
5.
Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) films comprising of poly(vinylidenefluoride), propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and zinc trifluoromethane sulfonate are prepared and characterized. The composition of GPE is optimized to contain minimum liquid components with a maximum specific conductivity of 3.94×10−3 S cm−1 at (25±1) °C. A detailed investigation on the properties such as ionic conductivity, transport number, electrochemical stability window, reversibility of Zn/Zn2+ couple and Zn/gel electrolyte interfacial stability have been carried out. The ionic conductivity follows a VTF behaviour with an activation energy of about 0.0014 eV. Cationic transport number varies from 0.51 at 25 °C to 0.18 at 70 °C. Several cells have been assembled with GPE as the electrolyte, zinc as the anode, γ-MnO2 as the cathode and their charge–discharge behaviour followed. Capacity values of 105, 82, 64 and 37 mAh/g of MnO2 have been achieved at 10, 50, 100 and 200 μA/cm2 discharge current densities, respectively. The discharge capacity values are almost constant for about 55 cycles for all values of current densities. Cyclic voltammetric study of MnO2 electrode in Zn/GPE/MnO2 cell clearly shows intercalation/deintercalation of Zn2+. 相似文献
6.
C. Baumgarten B. Braun G. Court G. Ciullo P. Ferretti G. Graw W. Haeberli M. Henoch R. Hertenberger N. Koch H. Kolster P. Lenisa A. Nass S.P. Pod'yachev D. Reggiani K. Rith M.C. Simani E. Steffens J. Stewart T. Wise 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2002,18(1):37-49
The use of storage cells has become a standard technique for internal gas targets in conjunction with high energy storage
rings. In case of spin-polarized hydrogen and deuterium gas targets the interaction of the injected atoms with the walls of
the storage cell can lead to depolarization and recombination. Thus the number of wall collisions of the atoms in the target
gas is important for modeling the processes of spin relaxation and recombination. It is shown in this article that the diffusion
process of rarefied gases in long tubes or storage cells can be described with the help of the one-dimensional diffusion equation.
Mathematical methods are presented that allow one to calculate collision age distributions (CAD) and their moments analytically.
These methods provide a better understanding of the different aspects of diffusion than Monte Carlo calculations. Additionally
it is shown that measurements of the atomic density or polarization of a gas sample taken from the center of the tube allow
one to determine the possible range of the corresponding density weighted average values along the tube. The calculations
are applied to the storage cell geometry of the HERMES internal polarized hydrogen and deuterium gas target.
Received 9 July 2001 and Received in final form 18 September 2001 相似文献
7.
Wei Hong Jinxiong Zhou Zhigang Suo 《Journal of the mechanics and physics of solids》2008,56(5):1779-1793
A large quantity of small molecules may migrate into a network of long polymers, causing the network to swell, forming an aggregate known as a polymeric gel. This paper formulates a theory of the coupled mass transport and large deformation. The free energy of the gel results from two molecular processes: stretching the network and mixing the network with the small molecules. Both the small molecules and the long polymers are taken to be incompressible, a constraint that we enforce by using a Lagrange multiplier, which coincides with the osmosis pressure or the swelling stress. The gel can undergo large deformation of two modes. The first mode results from the fast process of local rearrangement of molecules, allowing the gel to change shape but not volume. The second mode results from the slow process of long-range migration of the small molecules, allowing the gel to change both shape and volume. We assume that the local rearrangement is instantaneous, and model the long-range migration by assuming that the small molecules diffuse inside the gel. The theory is illustrated with a layer of a gel constrained in its plane and subject to a weight in the normal direction. We also predict the scaling behavior of a gel under a conical indenter. 相似文献
8.
Charging of the surface of an oxide caused by the adsorption of hydrogen ions and ions of inert 1:1 electrolyte was investigated by using grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation technique. In particular, adsorption isotherms of protons as well as of ions of the electrolyte together with the resulting charge density of the surface were obtained for different system parameters. Also, the effect of the surface energetic heterogeneity and the concentration of the background electrolyte on the isotherms and the charge density curves was examined. Furthermore, lateral interactions in the mixed adsorbed phase were taken into account in the modeling of the system behavior. The obtained results, in general, suggest that the three factors mentioned above may have substantial influence on the charging mechanism at the liquid/oxide interface. 相似文献
9.
Pieter Vonk Reinoud Noordman Doeke Schippers Bouke Tilstra Hans Wesselingh 《Journal of membrane science》1997,130(1-2):249-263
We present a mathematical model to describe the ultrafiltration behaviour of polymer-electrolyte mixtures. The model combines the proper thermodynamic forces (pressure, chemical potential and electrical potential differences) with multicomponent diffusion theory. The model is verified with experimental data on the ultrafiltration of aqueous solutions of PEG-4000 and potassium phosphate. The single solute rejection of PEG-4000 goes through a maximum as also found by others. The single solute rejection of potassium phosphate depends on the ionic strength of the solution. At low ionic strength rejections are found of 50%. Solutions containing a high concentration of PEG-4000 and potassium phosphate show a negative rejection for potassium phosphate. This is caused by the strongly non-ideal behaviour of these aqueous solutions. The model predicts the behaviour of single solute experiments quite well, but some deviations are found with the mixed solute experiments. However, negative rejections found in the mixed solute experiments are predicted by the model. 相似文献
10.
本工作建立了室温下用凝胶色谱法(GPC)测定聚2,6-二甲基苯醚(PPO)树脂分子量、分子量分布的方法。淋洗剂不采用文献申报道的毒性较大者,也不在较高柱温下进行,而采用甲苯(或氯仿)在室温下测定。对样品在甲苯中溶解温度、浓度和稳定性等都进行了系统研究,找到了最优化条件。GPC数据结合改性PPO(MPPO)产品性能测定结果,经仔细分析找到了影响MPPO产品质量的一个重要因素是PPO树脂中低分子量部分含量。它与产品冲击强度有明显的依赖关系。提出了一个从CPC谱图确定低分子量部分含量的方法。 相似文献